CentralNotice Prison rape in the United States From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Prison rape commonly refers to the rape of inmates in prison by other inmates or prison staff. In 2010, Human Rights Watch estimated that at least 140,000 inmates had been raped while incarcerated. [ 1 ] A United States Department of Justice report, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates , states that "In 2011-12, an estimated 4.0% of state and federal prison inmates and 3.2% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility, if less than 12 months." [ 2 ] However, advocates dispute the accuracy of the numbers, saying they seem to under report the real numbers of sexual assaults in prison, especially among juven...

CentralNotice Dark Reign: The Future of War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) Dark Reign: The Future of War Developer(s) Auran Magnetar Games (Redux) Publisher(s) Activision Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Xbox 360 (Redux) Release date(s) August 31, 1997 (Windows) January 27, 2013 (Xbox 360) Genre(s) Real-time strategy Mode(s) Single player , Multiplayer Distribution CD-ROM , Download Dark Reign: The Future of War is a real-time strategy computer game for Microsoft Windows , developed by Auran and published by Activision in 1997 . [ 1 ] The game consists of a large single-player campaign but also su...

CentralNotice Disjoint-set data structure From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search MakeSet creates 8 singletons. After some operations of Union , some sets are grouped together. In computing , a disjoint-set data structure , also called a union–find data structure or merge–find set , is a data structure that keeps track of a set of elements partitioned into a number of disjoint (nonoverlapping) subsets. It supports two useful operations: Find : Determine which subset a particular element is in. Find typically returns an item from this set that serves as its "representative"; by comparing the result of two Find operations, one can determine whether two elements are in the same subset. Union : Join two subsets into a single subset. The other important operation, MakeSet , which makes a set containing only a given element (a singleto...

CentralNotice List of films featuring time loops From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This list of films featuring time loops provides the names and brief synopses of films in which time loops are a prominent plot device. 1 List of films 2 See also 2.1 Fictional References 2.2 Claims of time travel 2.3 Speculative Time Travel Theories 3 References List of films [ edit ] The following films featuring time loops are listed alphabetically. Film Year Description 12 Dates of Christmas 2011 Kate finds herself reliving Christmas Eve (including a blind date with a man named Miles) over and over again . She must discover how to break the cycle – should she attempt to win back her ex-boyfriend Jack, or should she pursue Miles, or something else? [ 1 ] 12 Monkeys 1995 James Cole, a convicted criminal in a post-apocalypt...

CentralNotice Behavioral sink From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The ethologist John B. Calhoun coined the term " behavioral sink " to describe the collapse in behavior which resulted from overcrowding. Over a number of years, Calhoun conducted over-population experiments on rats [ 1 ] which culminated in 1962 with the publication of an article in the Scientific American of a study of behavior under conditions of overcrowding . [ 2 ] In it, Calhoun coined the term " behavioral sink ". Calhoun's work became used as an animal model of societal collapse , and his study has become a touchstone of urban sociology and psychology in general. [ 3 ] In it, Calhoun described the behavior as follows: “ Many [female rats] were unable to carry pregnancy to full term or to survive delivery of their litters if they did. An even greater number, afte...

CentralNotice Software flow control From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search "Xon" redirects here. For the Star Trek character, see Star Trek: Phase II § Lieutenant Xon . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) Software flow control is a method of flow control used in computer data links , especially RS-232 serial . It uses special codes, transmitted in-band , over the primary communications channel. These codes are generally called XOFF and XON (from "transmit off" and "transmit on", respectively). Thus, "software flow control" is sometimes called "XON/XOFF flow control". This is in contrast to flow control via dedicated out-of-band signals — " hardware flow control " — such as RS...

CentralNotice Quartz clock From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A quartz clock A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency , so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than mechanical clocks. Generally, some form of digital logic counts the cycles of this signal and provides a numeric time display, usually in units of hours, minutes, and seconds. The first quartz clock was built in 1927 by Warren Marrison and J.W. Horton at Bell Telephone Laboratories . Since the 1980s when the advent of solid state digital electronics allowed them to be made compact and inexpensive, quartz timekeepers have become the world's most widely used timekeeping technology, used in most clocks and...

CentralNotice Cyclic redundancy check From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A cyclic redundancy check ( CRC ) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data. Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents. On retrieval the calculation is repeated, and corrective action can be taken against presumed data corruption if the check values do not match. CRCs are so called because the check (data verification) value is a redundancy (it expands the message without adding information ) and the algorithm is based on cyclic codes . CRCs are popular because they are simple to implement in binary hardware , easy to analyze mathematically, and particularly good at detecting common errors caus...

CentralNotice Idris (programming language) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Idris Paradigm Functional Designed by Edwin Brady Stable release 0.9.16 / January 15, 2015 ( 2015-01-15 ) OS Cross-platform License BSD-3 Filename extensions .idr, .lidr Website Idris website Influenced by Agda , Coq , [ 1 ] Epigram , Haskell , [ 1 ] ML [ 1 ] Idris is a general-purpose pure functional programming language with dependent types . The type system is similar to the one used by Agda . The language supports interactive theorem-proving comparable to Coq , including tactics, while the focus remains on general-purpose programming even before theorem-proving. Other goals of Idris are "sufficient" performance, easy management of side-effects and support for implementing embedded domain specific languages . ...

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CentralNotice Brendan Eich From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Brendan Eich Brendan Eich, official Mozilla Foundation photograph, August 21, 2012 Born 1961 (age 53–54) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , U.S. Alma mater University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Santa Clara University Known for JavaScript Website brendaneich .com Brendan Eich ( / ˈ aɪ k / ; born 1960 or 1961) [ 1 ] is an American technologist and creator of the JavaScript programming language . He co-founded the Mozilla project, the Mozilla Foundation and the Mozilla Corporation , and served as the Mozilla Corporation's chief technical officer and briefly its chief executive officer . [ 2 ] 1 Early life 2 Netscape and JavaScript 3 Mozilla 3.1 CEO appointment and resignation 4 References 5 External links Early life [ edit ] Brendan Eic...

CentralNotice Laundry ball From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article reads like an editorial or opinion piece . Please help improve this article by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style to make it neutral in tone. See WP:No original research and WP:NOTOPINION for further details. (November 2014) For the fabric softener product, see dispensing ball . The Swedish "Magicball" is an example of a pseudoscientific washing ball product. A laundry ball or washing ball is a product that is promoted as a substitute for laundry detergent . In the USA as of 2008 the product is often sold in home shopping or by participants in multilevel marketing schemes, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] although this is not the case in all countries. While many individuals report that these balls work, most test results show them to be similar to or less effective...

CentralNotice Schlegel diagram From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Examples colored by the number of sides on each face. Yellow triangles , red squares , and green pentagons . A tesseract projected into 3-space as a Schlegel diagram. There are 8 cubic cells visible, one in the center, one below each of the six exterior faces, and the last one is inside-out representing the space outside the cubic boundary. Various visualizations of the icosahedron edit 2D Net Orthogonal Petrie Schlegel Vertex figure In geometry , a Schlegel diagram is a projection of a polytope from into through a point beyond one of its facets or faces . The resulting entity is a polytopal subdivision of the facet in that is combinatorially equivalent to the original polytope. Named for Victor Schlegel , who in 1886 introduced this to...

CentralNotice Microsoft POSIX subsystem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Microsoft POSIX subsystem is one of 3 subsystems of several operating systems from the Windows NT family (together with OS/2 and Windows subsystems). Microsoft Windows implements only the first version of the POSIX standards , namely POSIX.1. The official code of POSIX.1 is ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 or IEEE standard 1003.1-1990. The subsystem was included because of 1980s US federal government 's requirements listed in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 151-2. [ 1 ] Versions Windows NT 3.5 , Windows NT 3.51 and Windows NT 4 were certified as compliant with the FIPS 151-2. The runtime environment of the subsystem is provided by two files: psxss.exe and psxdll.dll . A POSIX application uses psxdll.dll to communicate with the subsystem while communicating with...

CentralNotice Simon Peyton Jones From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Simon Peyton Jones Simon Peyton Jones Born ( 1958-01-18 ) 18 January 1958 (age 57) South Africa Citizenship British Fields Computer science Functional programming [ 1 ] Institutions University College London University of Glasgow University of Cambridge Microsoft Research Computing at School [ 2 ] Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge Doctoral students Andrew Gill [ 3 ] Sigbjorn Finne [ 4 ] László Németh [ 5 ] Paul Roe [ 6 ] Known for Glasgow Haskell Compiler Notable awards FACM (2004) MAE (2011) SIGPLAN Award (2011) Website research .microsoft .com /~simonpj Simon Peyton Jones (born 18 January 1958) is a British computer scientist who researches the implementation and applications of functional programming lan...

CentralNotice Zope From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article is about an application server platform. For the fish known as "Zope", see Abramis ballerus . Zope Web address www .zope .org Commercial? No Type of site Python framework development Registration none Available in English Current status Active Zope is a community project concerned with a free and open-source , object-oriented web application server written in the Python programming language . Zope stands for "Z Object Publishing Environment", and was the first system using the now common object publishing methodology for the Web. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Zope has been recognized as a Python killer app , an application that helped put Python in the spotlight. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Over the last few years, the Zope community has spawned several additional ...

CentralNotice Huginn and Muninn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Hugin and Munin (disambiguation) . Huginn and Muninn sit on Odin 's shoulders in an illustration from an 18th-century Icelandic manuscript In Norse mythology , Huginn (from Old Norse "thought" [ 1 ] ) and Muninn (Old Norse "memory" [ 2 ] or "mind" [ 3 ] ) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world, Midgard , and bring information to the god Odin . Huginn and Muninn are attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources: the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the Third Grammatical Treatise , compiled in the 13th century by Óláfr Þórðarson ; and in the poetry of skalds . The names of the ravens are sometimes modernly anglicized as Hugin and Munin . In the...

CentralNotice Cult of the Dead Cow From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search "CDc" redirects here. For other uses, see CDC (disambiguation) . Cult of the Dead Cow cDc Paramedia Logo Formation 1984 Purpose Hacking / DIY media Location United States Origin Lubbock, Texas Founders Grandmaster Ratte' Franken Gibe Sid Vicious Products The original e-zine Back Orifice BO2k NBName SMBRelay Torpark Affiliations Hacktivismo Ninja Strike Force L0pht Mindvox Legion of Doom Echelon Masters of Deception YIPL/TAP Sacrament of Transition Hong Kong Blondes ACiD Productions Soulz at Zero Website Main Site MySpace Cult of the Dead Cow , also known as cDc or cDc Communications , is a computer hacker and DIY media organization founded in 1984 in Lubbock, Texas . The group maintains a weblog on its ...

CentralNotice UTC−07:00 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2009) UTC−07:00 UTC−07:00 ~ 105 degrees W – all year − (behind) UTC + (ahead) 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 09 30 04 30 03 30 03 30 04 30 05 30 06 30 09 30 10 30 11 30 05 45 12 45 Areas in a darker shade use daylight saving time. The base color shows the standard time. Meridians Central 105 degrees W Western border (nautical) 112.5 degrees W Eastern border (nautical) 97.5 degrees W Other Date-time group (DTG) T External links UTC−07: ...

CentralNotice Fourier transform From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A sinusoidal curve, with peak amplitude (1). Illustration of phase shift θ . In the first row is the graph of the unit pulse function and its Fourier transform , a function of frequency . Translation (that is, delay) in the time domain goes over to complex phase shifts in the frequency domain. In the second row is shown , the a delayed unit pulse, beside the real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform. The Fourier transform decomposes a function into eigenfunctions for the group of translations. Fourier transforms Continuous Fourier transform Fourier series Discrete-time Fourier transform Discrete Fourier transform Fourier analysis Related transforms The Fourier transform decomposes a function of time ...

CentralNotice Translation lookaside buffer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search A translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) is a cache that memory management hardware uses to improve virtual address translation speed. [ 1 ] The majority of desktop, laptop, and server processors includes one or more TLBs in the memory management hardware, and it is nearly always present in any hardware that utilizes paged or segmented virtual memory . The TLB is sometimes implemented as content-addressable memory (CAM). The CAM search key is the virtual address and the search result is a physical address. If the requested address is present in the TLB, the CAM search yields a match quickly and the retrieved physical address can be used to access memory. This is called a TLB hit. If the requested address is not in the TLB, it is a miss, and the translation procee...

CentralNotice UnionFS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Unionfs Developer Open Source Community Full name Unification File System Features File system permissions POSIX Transparent compression No Transparent encryption No (provided at the block device level) Other Supported operating systems Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD Unionfs is a filesystem service for Linux , FreeBSD and NetBSD which implements a union mount for other file systems . It allows files and directories of separate file systems, known as branches, to be transparently overlaid, forming a single coherent file system. Contents of directories which have the same path within the merged branches will be seen together in a single merged directory, within the new, virtual filesystem. When mounting branches, the priority of one branch over the other i...

CentralNotice HAMMER From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For the Marvel Comics organization, see H.A.M.M.E.R . HAMMER Developer Matthew Dillon Full name HAMMER Introduced July 21, 2008 ( DragonFly BSD 2.0 [ 1 ] ) Structures Directory contents B+ tree [ 2 ] Limits Max. volume size 1 EiB [ 2 ] Features Forks No File system permissions UNIX permissions Transparent compression No Data deduplication On demand Other Supported operating systems DragonFly BSD HAMMER is a high-availability 64-bit file system developed by Matthew Dillon for DragonFly BSD using B-trees . Its major features include infinite NFS-exportable snapshots , master-multislave operation, configurable history retention, fsckless-mount, and checksums to deal with data corruption . [ 3 ] HAMMER also supports data block dedup...

CentralNotice Shattered Horizon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Shattered Horizon Developer(s) Futuremark Games Studio Distributor(s) Valve Corporation ( Steam ) Composer(s) Markus "Captain" Kaarlonen [ 1 ] Engine 3DMark Vantage engine [ 2 ] (heavily modified) Platform(s) Microsoft Windows Release date(s) November 4, 2009 [ 3 ] Genre(s) First-person shooter , Tactical shooter Mode(s) Singleplayer , Multiplayer , Online co-op Distribution Digital Download Shattered Horizon is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by Futuremark Games Studio . The game was released on the Steam digital distribution service on 4 November 2009. 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Maps 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Gameplay [ edit ] Shattered Horizon is a first-person...

CentralNotice Solar still From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2011) It has been suggested that this article be merged with Condensation trap . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2012. Solar still built into a pit in the ground Solar still "Watercone" A solar still is a simple way of distil...