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CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search An example of the coastline paradox. If the coastline of Great Britain is measured using units 100 km (62 mi) long, then the length of the coastline is approximately 2,800 km (1,700 mi). With 50 km (31 mi) units, the total length is approximately 3,400 km (2,100 mi), approximately 600 km (370 mi) longer. The coastline paradox is the counterintuitive observation that the coastline of a landmass does not have a well-defined length. This results from the fractal -like properties of coastlines, i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a fractal dimension (which in fact makes the notion of length inapplicable). The first recorded observation of this phenomenon was by Lewis Fry Richardson [1] and it was expanded upon by Benoit Mandelbrot . [2] The measured length of the coastline de...

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Cornell University Library We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation and member institutions arXiv.org physics All papers Titles Authors Abstracts Full text Help pages ( Help | Advanced search ) <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:trackback="http://madskills.com/public/xml/rss/module/trackback/"> <rdf:Description rdf:about="http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03394" dc:identifier="http://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03394" dc:title="That is not dead which can eternal lie: the aestivation hypothesis for resolving Fermi's paradox" trackback:ping="http://arxiv.org/trackback/1705.03394" /> </rdf:RDF> Full-text links: PDF PostScript Other formats ( license ) end full-text physics.pop-ph < prev | next > n...

Follow rxi Following rxi Unfollow rxi View submission for Fermi Paradox Jam A downloadable game for Windows and macOS Download Now Name your own price Made over 10 days during the Fermi Paradox Jam . Controls: WASD / Cursor Keys Mouse Left Mouse Button More information Published 183 days ago Status Released Platforms Windows , macOS Rating (43) Author rxi Download Now Name your own price Click download now to get access to the following files: rxi_paradox_win32.zip 9 MB rxi_paradox_osx.zip 11 MB itch.io · View all by rxi · Report · Embed · Updated 2017-02-21 01:23:53 UTC Games › Featured › Free...

[if lte IE 9]><style>/* AUTO-GENERATED */ .alertbar { background-color: #97b147; color: #ffffff; font-size: 28px; text-align: center; } .alertbar-link { color: inherit; display: block; padding: 1em; text-decoration: none; } body { overflow-x: auto; }</style><div class="alertbar"><a class="alertbar-link" href="http://browsehappy.com/"> You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. <br>Portions of our site may not work as intended. <br>Please <u>click here</u> to upgrade your browser! </a></div><![endif] [if lte IE 9]><style>/* AUTO-GENERATED */ .navbar { display: inline-block; width: 100%; } .navbar ul { display: inline-block; } .navbar-items-menu { float: right; }</style><script>/*! @source http://purl.eligrey.com/github/classList.js/blob/master/classList.js*/ ;if("document" in self&&!("classList" in document.createElement("_"))){(function(j){"use strict";if(!("Element" in ...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This is a list of paradoxes , grouped thematically. The grouping is approximate, as paradoxes may fit into more than one category. Because of varying definitions of the term paradox , some of the following are not considered to be paradoxes by everyone. This list collects only scenarios that have been called a paradox by at least one source and have their own article. Although considered paradoxes, some of these are based on fallacious reasoning, or incomplete/faulty analysis. Informally, the term is often used to describe a counter-intuitive result. 1 Logic 1.1 Self-reference 1.2 Vagueness 2 Mathematics 2.1 Statistics 2.2 Probability 2.3 Infinity and infinitesimals 2.4 Geometry and topology 3 Decision theory 4 Physics 4.1 Astrophysics 4.2 Classical mechanics 4.3 Cos...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The Boy or Girl paradox surrounds a set of questions in probability theory which are also known as The Two Child Problem , [ 1 ] Mr. Smith's Children [ 2 ] and the Mrs. Smith Problem. The initial formulation of the question dates back to at least 1959, when Martin Gardner published one of the earliest variants of the paradox in Scientific American . Titled The Two Children Problem , he phrased the paradox as follows: Mr. Jones has two children. The older child is a girl. What is the probability that both children are girls? Mr. Smith has two children. At least one of them is a boy. What is the probability that both children are boys? Gardner initially gave the answers 1/2 and 1/3, respectively; but later acknowledged that the second question was ambiguous. [ 1 ] Its answer could be 1/2, d...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2013) The St. Petersburg paradox or St. Petersburg lottery [ 1 ] is a paradox related to probability and decision theory in economics . It is based on a particular (theoretical) lottery game that leads to a random variable with infinite expected value (i.e., infinite expected payoff) but nevertheless seems to be worth only a very small amount to the participants. The St. Petersburg paradox is a situation where a naive decision criterion which takes only the expected value into account predicts a course of action that presumably no actual person would be willing to take. Several r...

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cacophony Ask Give Banging pots and pans together while you sleep. Source: vimeo.com 32 notes Awesome video alpinerecreation : BALLOOOOOOOOOOOOOOONS + drums = noise this is what I imagine a sort of paradoxical nihilist purgatory is like A man enters a plain walled room. Inside is a drum kit and balloons. One man plays the drums while another pulls on and hits the balloons. This produces a loud sound. Reblogged from Eternity Through the Stars START NOTES voidcrash likes this tired-child likes this phalangealchoreographer likes this amazingableist likes this myheadcomesoff reblogged this from i-am-sorry-lord myheadcomesoff likes this i-am-sorry-lord reblogged this from noisemuzak i-am-sorry-lord likes this melekalikimakasextape likes this ettinauer226xl likes this sakiogawa likes this thecolournouns likes this rainyspider reblogged this from noisemuzak r...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For Paul Curry's optical illusion and dissection puzzle, see Missing square puzzle . Curry's paradox is a paradox that occurs in naive set theory or naive logics , and allows the derivation of an arbitrary sentence from a self-referring sentence and some apparently innocuous logical deduction rules. The paradox is named after the logician Haskell Curry . The paradox may be expressed in natural language and in various mathematical settings, including certain forms of set theory , lambda calculus , and combinatory logic . It has also been called Löb's paradox after Martin Hugo Löb . [ 1 ] 1 Natural language 1.1 Proof that the sentence is true 1.2 Formal logic 1.3 Naive set theory 1.4 Logic with a string Eval function 1.5 Lambda calculus 1.6 Combinatory logic 2 Discussion 2.1...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search In computer science , a fixed-point combinator (or fixpoint combinator [ 1 ] ) is a higher-order function y that satisfies the equation, It is so named because, by setting , it represents a solution to the fixed point equation, A fixed point of a function f is a value that doesn't change under the application of the function f . Consider the function . The values 0 and 1 are fixed points of this function, because and . This function has no other fixed points. A fixed point combinator need not exist for all functions. Also if f is a function of more than 1 parameter, the fixed point of the function need not be a total function . Functions that satisfy the equation for y expand as, A particular implementation of y is Curry's paradoxical combinator Y , represented in lambda calcu...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search In mathematics , logic , and computer science , a type theory is any of a class of formal systems , some of which can serve as alternatives to set theory as a foundation for all mathematics. In type theory, every "term" has a "type" and operations are restricted to terms of a certain type. Type theory is closely related to (and in some cases overlaps with) type systems , which are a programming language feature used to reduce bugs . The types of type theory were created to avoid paradoxes in a variety of formal logics and rewrite systems and sometimes "type theory" is used to refer to this broader application. Two well-known type theories that can serve as mathematical foundations are Alonzo Church 's typed λ-calculus and Per Martin-Löf 's intuitionistic type theory . 1 History 2 B...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search For a molecule of two atoms, see Diatomic molecule . Diatoms Marine diatoms Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (unranked): Sar Phylum: Heterokontophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Dangeard , 1933 [ 1 ] Synonyms Diatomea Dumortier , 1821 [ 2 ] Diatomophyceae Rabenhorst , 1864 [ 3 ] Bacillariae Haeckel, 1878 [ 4 ] Bacillariophyta Engler & Gilg , 1919 [ 5 ] Diatoms [ 6 ] are a major group of algae , and are among the most common types of phytoplankton . Diatoms are unicellular , although they can form colonies in the shape of filaments or ribbons (e.g. Fragilaria ), fans (e.g. Meridion ), zigzags (e.g. Tabellaria ), or stars (e.g. Asterionella ). The first diatom formally described in scientific literature, the colonial Bacillaria paradoxa , was f...

CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The unexpected hanging paradox or hangman paradox is a paradox about a person's expectations about the timing of a future event that he is told will occur at an unexpected time. The paradox is variously applied to a prisoner's hanging, or a surprise school test. Despite significant academic interest, there is no consensus on its precise nature and consequently a final correct resolution has not yet been established. [ 1 ] One approach, offered by the logical school of thought, suggests that the problem arises in a self-contradictory self-referencing statement at the heart of the judge's sentence. Another approach, offered by the epistemological school of thought, suggests the unexpected hanging paradox is an example of an epistemic paradox because it turns on our concept of knowledge . [ 2 ...

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Probably Overthinking It A blog by Allen Downey. corrects IE6 width calculation google_ad_section_start(name=default) Tuesday, August 18, 2015 The following is a draft of an article I have submitted for publication in CHANCE Magazine , a publication of the American Statistical Association. With their encouragement, I am publishing it here to solicit comments from readers (and possibly corrections). The Inspection Paradox is Everywhere The inspection paradox is a common source of confusion, an occasional source of error, and an opportunity for clever experimental design.  Most people are unaware of it, but like the cue marks that appear in movies to signal reel changes, once you notice it, you can’t stop seeing...

Search Images Maps Play YouTube News Gmail Drive More » Send Feedback | Web History | Help | Sign in Home Home Profile People Photos Collections Communities Events Hangouts Pages Settings Feedback Help · Region Privacy · Terms · Maps Terms Start a hangout Richard Green Mathematics Richard Green Shared publicly - 2015-07-03 Why your friends, on average, have more friends than you do The friendship paradox is the observation that your friends, on average, have more friends than you do. This phenomenon, which was first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991, is mathematically provable, even though it contradicts most people's intuition that they have more friends than their friends do. Wikipedia gives a nice intuitive explanation for this phenomenon: People with more friends are more likely to be your friend in the first place; that is, they have a higher propensity to...

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CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991 that most people have fewer friends than their friends have, on average. [ 1 ] It can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with greater numbers of friends have an increased likelihood of being observed among one's own friends. In contradiction to this, most people believe that they have more friends than their friends have. [ 2 ] The same observation can be applied more generally to social networks defined by other relations than friendship: for instance, most people's sexual partners have had (on the average) a greater number of sexual partners than they have. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 1 Mathematical explanation 2 Intuitive explanation 3 Applications 4 See also 5 References 6 E...