CentralNotice From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Cognitive biases are tendencies to think in certain ways that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard of rationality or good judgment, and are often studied in psychology and behavioral economics . Although the reality of these biases is confirmed by replicable research, there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them. [ 1 ] Some are effects of information-processing rules (i.e. mental shortcuts), called heuristics , that the brain uses to produce decisions or judgments. Such effects are called cognitive biases . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Biases in judgment or decision-making can also result from motivation , such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking . Some biases have a variety of cognitive ("cold") or motivational ("hot") explanations. Both...